Phenotypic variation of floral organs in Malus using frequency distribution functions.

Box bodies were used to explore the variation directions of each floral traits from wild to cultivated crabapples by comparing their relative positions (downward distribution with smaller values or upward distribution with higher values), whereas mean values were served to determine the significance of differences between the two groups using Duncan multiple-comparison test ( P values of < 0.05 and < 0.01 were considered significant and highly significant, respectively), and the outliers were applied to reflect transgressive information, which would be of importance for Malus germplasm innovations.

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With an increasing trend of petal number, pistil number and stamen number of cultivated crabapples both decreased in a relatively equivalent degree (MP pistil number = 0.1967, MP stamen number = 0.1736; MD pistil number = 0.0277, MD stamen number = 0.0439), suggesting that multiple petals might be derived from pistils or stamens.

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