Comparison of Nitroglycerin versus Lignocaine Spray to Attenuate Haemodynamic Changes in Elective Surgical Patients Undergoing Direct Laryngoscopy and Endotracheal Intubation: A prospective randomised study.

3 While these haemodynamic changes may not be significant in normal individuals, they can be catastrophic for cardiovascular-compromised patients and lead to the development of myocardial ischaemia and infarctions, left ventricular failure, cerebrovascular accidents and dysrhythmias. 4 , 5 The reason for this exaggerated haemodynamic response lies in the activation of the autonomic reflex arc. 6 Changes in HR, heart rhythm and blood pressure depend on various factors including ease of intubation, depth of anaesthesia, time taken for the intubation and the use of various topical/intravenous (IV) anaesthetic agents beforehand.

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