Seed mass, hardness, and phylogeny explain the potential for endozoochory by granivorous waterbirds.

The marginally significant effect of seed mass after phylogenetic correction suggests that, for a given wet load, smaller seeds were retained for longer in the alimentary canal (Table 3 ). 4 DISCUSSION Our study provides an important advance in the understanding of how traits of angiosperms lacking a fleshy fruit can determine their dispersal potential, through influencing seed survival and retention time when ingested by avian vectors such as dabbling ducks.

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There were highly significant differences between individual ducks in the degree of seed survival, and a significant difference between trials (Table 2 a).

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