The Vacuolar H⁺ ATPase α3 Subunit Negatively Regulates Migration and Invasion of Human Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells.

V-ATPase Inhibition Increases HIF-1α Protein Level, AMPK Activity and Alters Autophagic Flux Consistent with previous work [ 42 ], ConA treatment strongly increased HIF-1α protein in both Panc-1 and BxPC3 cells ( Figure 4 A–C), while only a slight trend in the same direction was seen upon a3 KD ( Figure 4 D–F).

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