Nonconsumptive predator effects modify crayfish-induced bioturbation as mediated by limb loss: Field and mesocosm experiments.

Furthermore, there was a nonsignificant trend toward higher turbidity for treatments with fish and unmanipulated crayfish than for those with unmanipulated crayfish alone (Cohen's d FUMvsUM = 0.42, CI95% FUMvsUM = [−0.03; 0.81]; Figure 2 ; Table 1 ).

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This lack of significance, despite a positive trend ( R 2 adj. = 0.55), may reflect the relatively small sample size.

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