Spatial Patterns of Sea Level Variability Associated with Natural Internal Climate Modes.

By analyzing historical SST and reanalysis data, it has been shown that IOD events exhibit an increasing trend in frequency and strength during the twentieth century (Abram et al. 2008 ), and positive IOD events prevail after 1950, which corresponds to an upward trend of the IOD index (e.g., Kripalani and Kumar 2004 ; Ihara et al. 2008 ; Yuan et al. 2008 ; Cai et al. 2009 ; Fig. 8 d).

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