Differences may be a result of vaccine formulation or protocol used, the biological properties and characteristics of the agent and host, or the involvement of newly identified or emerging pathogens ( Erles et al., 2004 , Priestnall et al., 2014 ) Whilst these first two points fall beyond the scope of this study, in examining four of the most important emerging CIRD pathogens it is clear their role in CIRD may be significant for both kennelled and pet dogs.
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European surveillance of emerging pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease.
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