Prevalence of Hookah Smoking among University Students in Iran: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.

Iran J Public Health · 2020 · PMC7152648 · PMID 32309218

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Among EMR countries, hookah smoking had a decreasing trend for the most part of the 20 th century.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

In Iran, based on the results of two national health and disease evaluations in 1991 and 1999, the prevalence of hookah smoking had an increasing trend among 15–24 years old males and females ( 13 ).

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