Habitual use of GPS negatively impacts spatial memory during self-guided navigation.

Concurrent spatial discrimination learning task We found a significant negative correlation between lifetime GPS experience (in hours) and performance on the first probe trial of the CSDLT ( r = −0.22, Bootstrap BCa 95% CI [−0.41, −0.01]) and a marginally significant negative correlation with performance on both probe trials combined ( r = −0.20, Bootstrap BCa 95% CI [−0.41, 0.01]) (Fig. 3A ), indicating that people with more lifetime GPS experience use hippocampus-dependent spatial memory strategies to a lesser extent.

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