Highly regulated, diversifying NTP-dependent biological conflict systems with implications for the emergence of multicellularity.

Strikingly, there is a highly significant association between the presence of these systems and the presence of a multicellular or colonial or aggregate form (such as rosettes of planctomycetes and cooperating intracellular bacteroid aggregates with branching structures in rhizobia) in the life cycle of the organisms that possess them ( Figure 2 , Figure 2—figure supplement 1 , Table 1 ).

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