Prevalence of chloroquine and antifolate drug resistance alleles in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> clinical isolates from three areas in Ghana.

Generally, a decreasing trend was observed from 2005 to 2017 in the proportions of the alleles associated with CQ resistance in both study sites except for pfmdr1 86 Y in Navrongo ( Figures 2A and B ), which decreased from 2005/2006 to 2010 but appeared to plateau between 2012 and 2013.

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We, however, observed an increasing trend in the proportions of the pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine resistance alleles in pfdhfr and pfdhps respectively at both study sites from 2005 to 2013, with frequencies levelling off subsequently ( Figures 2C–F ).

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