While the total pool of the xanthophyll cycle pigments violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, and zeaxanthin (V + A + Z) showed an increasing trend with increasing growth PPFD, the levels of the individual carotenoids lutein and β-carotene declined between 200 and 700 μmol photons m –2 s –1 ( Figures 5B,C ).
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Growth and Essential Carotenoid Micronutrients in <i>Lemna gibba</i> as a Function of Growth Light Intensity.
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