highly significantp < 0.0001
There was a highly significant correlation between the pedestrian death rate and the GNI (Spearman rank correlation, rho = − 0.65, p < 0.0001) (Fig. 3 ), between the pedestrian death rate and vehicle per person ratio (Spearman rank correlation, rho = − 0.64, p < 0.0001) (Fig. 4 ), and between GNI and vehicle per person ratio (Spearman rank correlation, rho = 0.88, p < 0.0001).