Competition with insectivorous ants as a contributor to low songbird diversity at low elevations in the eastern Himalaya.

Lepidoptera increased significantly in abundance (Lepidoptera: treatment 1.0 ± 0.5 SE , control −0.5 ± 0.3 SE , N = 15, paired t test p = .01), and Coleoptera showed a large increase that was close to significance (treatment 1.3 ± 0.9 SE, control −0.3 ± 0.4 SE , p = .13).

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Leaf damage estimated from 10 leaves on each tree was significantly greater on trees without weaver ants than on trees with weaver ants (Figure 3c ) and showed a nonsignificant trend in the same direction on the clipped branches from these trees (Figure 3d ). 3.3.

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