Reanalysis of the German PISA Data: A Comparison of Different Approaches for Trend Estimation With a Particular Emphasis on Mode Effects.

Front Psychol · 2020 · PMC7264417 · PMID 32528352

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a marginal trendno p-value reported

Computation of Trend Estimates in PISA In the literature on trend analysis in international large-scale assessments, the original trend is distinguished from a marginal trend ( Gebhardt and Adams, 2007 ; see also Carstensen, 2013 ; Sachse et al., 2016 ).

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

In panel C, there is a decreasing trend in the PBA mode, but the trend in the CBA mode remains constant.

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a positive trendno p-value reported

It is evident that the average item difficulty of this group decreased significantly from 2003 to 2012 (−0.18 to 0.01 = −0.19 logits), indicating that there was a positive trend in mathematics over the 9 years.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.