Systemic Exposure to Air Pollution Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mouse Brain, Contributing to Neurodegeneration Onset.

At the same time, RoB APP protein levels displayed a significant increase (+82.76% ± 25.53%) after DEP single instillation, while repeated instillations caused a decreasing trend in the RoB (−20.17% ± 12.62% with DEP) and cerebellum (−38.25% ± 12.17% with BB and −38.68% ± 11.80% with DEP) ( Figure 3 A,C,E,G).

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Furthermore, both UFP single instillations caused an increase in COX-2 protein levels in the RoB (+175.18% ± 68.42% with BB and + 272.34% ± 29.53% with DEP), which resulted highly significant in the hippocampus (+403.86% ± 76.34% with BB and +480.18% ± 16.69% with DEP).

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Moreover, BACE1 protein levels showed no variations after a single instillation; after repeated exposure, our results suggest a strong significant increase in the RoB (+212.68% ± 41.26% with BB and +277.91% ± 39.07% with DEP) and an increasing trend in the hippocampus (+48.78% ± 13.23% with BB and +87.00% ± 19.90% with DEP), when compared to sham ( Figure 3 A,D,E,H). 3.

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