Association of Air Pollution and Heat Exposure With Preterm Birth, Low Birth Weight, and Stillbirth in the US: A Systematic Review.

Reviews that examined PM 2.5 found consistently positive association with preterm birth and low birth weight or continuous birth weight, 16 , 17 and 1 systematic review and meta-analysis on stillbirth risk showed elevated effect estimates for both PM 2.5 and ozone, although they did not achieve significance. 53 Five reviews that focused on heat exposure found an association with preterm birth in most studies, 14 , 15 , 54 , 55 , 56 as did 4 that analyzed low birth weight 14 , 15 , 54 , 56 and 2 analyzing stillbirth risk. 14 , 15 The adverse obstetrical outcomes examined in this study are known to be c

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