Cytokine-induced molecular responses in airway smooth muscle cells inform genome-wide association studies of asthma.

The fact that the enriched ASM QTLs did not reach genome-wide significance in the GWAS further suggests that there may be significant heterogeneity with regard to primary ASM contributions among asthma cases and that some proportion of the missing heritability in asthma (as well as other complex diseases) is due to variants with exposure- or cell type-specific effects that may be difficult to detect in GWAS [ 20 , 60 ].

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