Synergistic antibacterial activity of physical-chemical multi-mechanism by TiO₂ nanorod arrays for safe biofilm eradication on implant.

In the statistical evaluation, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 were regarded as significant, highly significant, and extremely significant, respectively. 3 Results 3.1 Sample characterization The morphology of the TiO 2 nanostructures can be tuned by varying the time of the hydrothermal treatment [ 33 ].

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In this work, the antibacterial activity of TiO 2 nanostructures show an increasing trend with surface roughness under the same conditions and NS4 with the nanorod structure exhibits the strongest bactericidal activity.

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