31 A positive trend with prolongation of PSA-free survival was observed in the patient cohort that received a single injection of PROSTVAC-V followed by multiple injections of PROSTVAC-F. 31 Meanwhile, a study by Hodge et al. showed much greater T-cell activation when a triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM) – leukocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3), B7.1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) – are used in conjunction with PSA. 32 GM-CSF in combination with PROSTVAC was investigated in a placebo-controlled phase II study in men with minimal symptoms and mCRPC with no history of chemotherapy.
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