highly significantp < 0.001
Although this average for 44 countries (2009–2019) was only moderately above that of the HDI for all 189 countries in both 2009 (mean 0.677 ± 0.157) and 2017 (mean 0.709 ± 0.152), the difference was highly significant ( p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U test).