Association between elevation of plasma biomarkers and monocyte dysfunction and their combination in predicting sepsis: An observational single-centre cohort study.

5 , 6 , 9 In addition, a weak trend of monocyte HLA-DR recovery was associated with secondary infection and poor prognosis. 27 , 28 Moreover, monocyte PD-L1 overexpression was also recognised as an independent risk factor during septic shock. 7 PD-L1 on monocytes could bind to PD-1 on effector T cells and suppress T-cell receptor signalling, leading to T-cell anergy, apoptosis and exhaustion. 29 – 33 Thus, the results indicated that patients with sepsis had a dysregulated monocyte immune response, predisposing the host to a dangerous situation upon infection.

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