Analysis of land cover evolution within the built-up areas of provincial capital cities in northeastern China based on nighttime light data and Landsat data.

CA: all land cover classes showed an increasing trend, with the fastest growth in impervious surfaces, which reflected the expansion of the built-up areas; PL: the impervious surfaces covered the largest percentage of the built-up areas and showed a decreasing trend, while vegetation and water occupancy showed increasing trends; PD: all land cover classes showed downward trends, with the largest rate of decline in vegetation, which reflected reduced fragmentation and increased homogeneity of the land cover; AI: all land cover classes showed downward trends, with the highest rate of decline in vegetation, which reflected the increased agglomeration of land cover classes.

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Using the cities of Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin in northeastern China as experimental areas, the multitemporal landscape index showed that the integration and aggregation of land cover in the urban areas had an increasing trend, the natural environment of Shenyang and Harbin was improving, while Changchun laid more emphasis on the construction of artificial facilities.

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