Mental Effort When Playing, Listening, and Imagining Music in One Pianist's Eyes and Brain.

One multiple regression used “imagery” as the dependent variable and the other three conditions as independent variables, which revealed a highly significant relationship and a moderate positive relationship, F (3) = 17.5, p < 0.0001, r = 0.68.

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Imagery was also significantly related to “Playing with no sound” (Regression Coefficient = 0.224, t = 2.1, p = 0.04), but failed to reach significance with the standard performance condition or “Playing with sound” (Regression Coefficient = 0.12, t = 1.05, p = 0.30).

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