Dopamine promotes instrumental motivation, but reduces reward-related vigour.

This was because, when ON medication, patients were motivated by contingency but not reward expectation (separate two-way ANOVA in PD ON: contingency*motivation, p=0.0170; see Supplementary file 1A ), whereas after overnight withdrawal of medication there was a borderline significant interaction in the opposite direction, as PD OFF were motivated by reward expectation but not contingency (PD OFF ANOVA: p=0.0501; Supplementary file 1A ).

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