highly significantP < 0.001
Loci 56A and 73A deviated from HWE in all populations. Genetic differentiation and gene flow between populations The difference in genetic differentiation ( F st ) between pairs of populations was highly significant ( P < 0.001), varying from 0.041 (between JC1 and JC2) to 0.234 (between DB2 and M2), with a mean value of 0.098 ( P < 0.001; Table 4 ), measured across 11 populations based on 16 markers.