an increasing trendP = 0.067
Comparing average forest loss rates over time (in three time periods: the preintervention period in 2002 to 2006, the first 5 y of the intervention in 2008 to 2012, and the most recent 5 y of the intervention in 2013 to 2017), forest loss rates near highly engaged villages decreased significantly (−0.15 ± 0.048%; P = 0.007), while forest loss rates near medium engaged villages did not change (0.06 ± 0.042%; P = 0.147), and forest loss rates near the least engaged villages showed an increasing trend (0.16 ± 0.085%; P = 0.067; Fig. 2 D ).