Interannual variability and trends of combustion aerosol and dust in major continental outflows revealed by MODIS retrievals and CAM5 simulations during 2003-2017.

On the contrary, both MODIS and CAM5 display an increasing trend of +0.017 to +0.036 per decade for τ c over the tropical Indian Ocean, the Bay of Bengal, and the Arabian Sea, which reflects the influence of increased anthropogenic emissions from South Asia and the Middle East in the last 2 decades.

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Over the northwestern Pacific Ocean, which is often affected by East Asian emissions of pollution and dust, the MODIS retrievals show a decreasing trend of −0.021 per decade for τ c and −0.012 per decade for τ d , which is, however, not reproduced by the CAM5 model.

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