The impacts and unintended consequences of the nationwide pricing reform for drugs and medical services in the urban public hospitals in China.

ontrol}}_{\boldsymbol{pt}}+{\alpha}_p+{\gamma}_t+{\varepsilon}_{pt} $$\end{document} Y p t = β t ∙ I n t e r v e n t i o n p ∙ p r e 2015 t ∙ Y e a r t + δ ∙ C o n t r o l p t + α p + γ t + ε p t Robustness check: controlling for preexisting time trends Both intervention and control groups may have an increasing trend in medical expenditures after the PRDMS-U because of preexisting time trends or price rigidity, causing the underestimation of the effects of the PRDMS-U in the DID analysis.

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