a decreasing trendp = 0.148
Despite a decreasing trend in the markers of bone metabolism including N-MID (13.80 ± 3.23 vs. 12.85 ± 3.69 vs. 11.31 ± 4.24 ng/mL, p = 0.148), PINP (37.12 ± 8.38 vs. 34.45 ± 9.91 vs. 30.87 ± 8.41 ng/mL, p = 0.142), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (27.72 ± 13.67 vs. 24.37 ± 7.52 vs. 21.96 ± 8.90 ng/mL, p = 0.177) in the osteopenia and osteoporosis groups at baseline, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups.