Neurotoxic microglia promote TDP-43 proteinopathy in progranulin deficiency.

By contrast, Grn −/− cortical neurons exhibited a modest increase in nuclear mCherry-TDP-43 when treated with Grn +/+ MCM, and a highly significant increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic mCherry-TDP-43 when treated with Grn −/− MCM (arrows in 4 th row, Fig. 3c , Supplementary Videos 3 – 4 ).

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