An increasing trend of clarithromycin resistance in H. pylori can be observed worldwide and specifically in European countries, with an overall primary clarithromycin resistance rate of 17%–21% ( de Francesco et al., 2010 ; Dolak et al., 2017 ; Bilgilier et al., 2018 ).
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Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of qPCR, Sanger Sequencing, and Whole-Genome Sequencing in Determining Clarithromycin and Levofloxacin Resistance in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>.
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