Association of cigarette smoking, obesity, and underlying medical conditions with COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality in Iran: A nationwide retrospective ecological study.

Provinces with higher prevalence of other explanatory variables, including obesity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and asthma and wheezing are presented in Table 2 . Correlations and associations with COVID-19 deaths We found that provinces with higher asthma and wheezing prevalence were positively correlated with increases in COVID-19 death rates, with a borderline significance (r=0.31, p=0.092).

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Specifically, provinces with higher incidence of cancers (IRR=1.54, 95%CI: 0.93, 2.56; p=0.092) and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (1.60, 95%CI: 0.97, 2.65; p=0.066) had higher likelihood of COVID-19-associated hospitalization rates, even though both were borderline significant.

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