Tumor-infiltrating mast cells are associated with resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy.

Further examination of the tumor tissue sections after anti-PD-1 therapy revealed the co-localization of mast cells and FOXP3 + Treg cells, which was consistently observed and highly significant ( p = 0.000047) when compared to control-treated tumors (Fig. 4e ) and this may be associated with downmodulation of HLA class I on tumor cells (Fig. 3g, h, f ).

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