Genome-wide macroevolutionary signatures of key innovations in butterflies colonizing new host plants.

Comparing the proportion of genes under positive selection between the branches with dual changes and branches with host–plant shifts only shows a marginally significant difference with Dataset 1 and no difference with Dataset 2 ( P = 0.0327/0.1471 for the two datasets, respectively, Wilcoxon rank-sum test; Fig. 4d and Supplementary Fig.

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The dN/dS analyses on branches with host–plant shifts (combined or not with environmental shifts) showed more genes with a subset of codons evolving under positive selection (dN/dS > 1) in lineages shifting to a new plant family, although the difference was marginally non-significant for the smallest dataset and highly significant for the second dataset containing more genes (Fig. 4b , Supplementary Fig.

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