The impact of stay-home policies during Coronavirus-19 pandemic on the chemical and toxicological characteristics of ambient PM_2.5 in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy.

According to the figure, the average BC/NO 2 values follow a decreasing trend, starting from ~0.12 in early-January 2020 and approaching asymptotically a value of approximately 0.040 in the warmer weeks of the campaign, when residential heating emissions (i.e., domestic biomass burning) are assumed to be negligible.

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Similarly, with a few exceptions, surrogates of tailpipe emissions (e.g., traffic-associated PAHs) as well as re-suspended road dust (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Ti) were relatively lower during FL and PL2 periods in comparison with year 2019, whereas an increasing trend in mass concentration of mentioned species was observed from FL to PL2 and FR phases due to the gradual lifting of lockdown restrictions.

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