Thermally stable and highly efficient red-emitting Eu³⁺-doped Cs₃GdGe₃O₉ phosphors for WLEDs: non-concentration quenching and negative thermal expansion.

As the Eu 3+ concentration increases from 0.1 to 1.0, the thermal quenching becomes weaker, and the PL intensity at 250 °C exhibits an increasing trend (inset of Fig.

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The relative contribution of the 5 D 0 − 7 F 2 transition (red emission, at 611 nm) increases with increasing Eu 3+ content, while that of the 5 D 0 − 7 F 1 transition (orange emission, at 592 nm) has a decreasing trend, as demonstrated in Fig. 3b .

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