Period effect Although the estimated smoking prevalence showed a decreasing trend during the analyzed period for both genders and areas, the magnitude of the decrease was larger in urban areas for both men and women.
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An age-period-cohort analysis of the difference in smoking prevalence between urban and non-urban areas in Japan (2004-2019).
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The sentences
The smoking prevalence ratio also showed an increasing trend from 2004 to 2019 for men and women.