Top-down and sideways: Herbivory and cross-ecosystem connectivity shape restoration success at the salt marsh-upland ecotone.

Results Caging experiments In both the Spring and Fall 2017 experiments, caging treatment was a highly significant predictor of survival, with herbivores rapidly consuming uncaged restoration plantings (Tables 2 and 3 ; Fig 5 ).

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The caging treatment × tidal elevation interaction was marginally significant in the Spring experiment ( Table 3B ) and significant in the Fall experiment ( Table 3D ), likely reflecting a pattern of longer stems on uncaged plants at low tidal elevation.

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