highly significantp < 0.0001
extremely significantp > 0.05
An unpaired t test (for two-groups comparison) and ANOVA test (for multi-group comparison) were used in statistical analysis ( ∗ , p < 0.05, significant; ∗∗ , p < 0.01, very significant; ∗∗∗ , p < 0.001, highly significant; ∗∗∗∗ , p < 0.0001, extremely significant; ns, p > 0.05, not significant).