Indeed, in a past study, the authors showed that although rotavirus vaccines did not significantly increase the overall frequency of T cells in the TIME, they resulted in a highly significant proportion of T cells with increased expression of the activation markers OX40 and CD137 ( 38 ).OVs stimulate the secretion of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and complement components, causing an increase in the expression of selectin on endothelial cells, which acts as the key signal for T cell infiltration.
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