extremely significantP < 0.001
The differences were considered to be statistically significant if P ≤ 0.05 or 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01 and were considered extremely significant if the P < 0.001.
The differences were considered to be statistically significant if P ≤ 0.05 or 0.001 < P ≤ 0.01 and were considered extremely significant if the P < 0.001.
The butyrate-producing genus Blautia and Faecalibacterium in the XOS500 group displayed an increasing trend compared to the CTC and CON group (0.05 < P < 0.1), while no significant differences were observed among the three groups ( Supplementary Figure 3 ).