borderline significantP = 0.06
In Pakistani participants, we found a borderline significant positive correlation between maternal serum IGF-1 concentrations ( P = 0.06, r = 0.12), placental mRNA expression of IGF1 ( P = 0.05, r = 0.42), and birth length z -score ( Figure 2B , C ), but no association between placental expression of IGF-1R and fetal linear growth ( Figure 2D ).