highly significantP<0.001
In concordance with the pattern of increasing genetic distance with increasing geographic distance, Mantel tests revealed highly significant isolation by distance in P . filiformis (P<0.001; S1 Fig ) Correspondingly, the neighbor-joining tree of pairwise genetic distance generally grouped populations according to geography ( Fig 2 ), with populations in the four main geographical areas grouping separately, with each group separated by long branches.