a decreasing trendp < 0.001
Moreover, the IOD of GFAP showed a decreasing trend over time in the control and MSC groups [control group: dpo 7 (8.59 × 10 6 ) vs. dpo 28 (3.42 × 10 6 ), p < 0.001; MSC group: dpo 7 (8.84 × 10 6 ) vs. dpo 28 (3.87 × 10 6 ), p < 0.001], while its IOD was slightly increased over time in the NSC group, but these differences were not significantly [dpo 7 (3.69 × 10 5 ), dpo 14 (9.98 × 10 5 ), dpo 28 (1.89 × 10 6 )].