How does spectator presence affect football? Home advantage remains in European top-class football matches played without spectators during the COVID-19 pandemic.

PLoS One · 2021 · PMC8011816 · PMID 33788870

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almost significantlyno p-value reported

Depending on the time horizon analyzed, the home advantage is non-significantly reduced by about one sixth or almost significantly reduced by one third in absence of spectators.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.