Those capabilities can be extremely significant in RA because IL-1 activity leads to stimulation of cells (especially of synovial fibroblasts), increasing production of cytokines, chemokines, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), prostaglandins, MMPs, GM-CSF [ 74 , 76 , 77 ], and adhesion molecules of endothelial cells [ 78 ].
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The Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Curcumin on Immune Cell Populations, Cytokines, and In Vivo Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
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