Interannual variability in net ecosystem carbon production in a rain-fed maize ecosystem and its climatic and biotic controls during 2005-2018.

A prolonged drought affected 52.3–62.0% of the area in northeastern China in the past 15 years [ 31 ], and there is an increasing trend in temperature of 0.035°C/a and a decreasing trend in precipitation of −13.3 mm/10a [ 29 ].

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