Arbuscular mycorrhizal trees influence the latitudinal beta-diversity gradient of tree communities in forests worldwide.

In contrast, EcM-associations may contribute to the neutral latitudinal trends in beta-diversity and species turnover, but contribute to an increasing trend in species nestedness of host trees with latitude (Fig. 2 ), possibly through positive PSFs and habitat adaptation 26 , 34 , 36 .

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Similarly, weaker PSFs may also shape a decreasing trend of total beta-diversity for EcM trees and a neutral trend of total beta-diversity for AM trees via species turnover and species nestedness because total beta-diversity is the sum of species turnover and species nestedness.

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