highly significantP-value < 0.001
A highly significant statistical difference was found between Ringer's lactate and placebo regarding the prevention of PEP (odds ratio (OR) 0.23, 95% CI 0.13 - 0.40, P-value < 0.001, I 2 for heterogeneity = 0%, P-value = 0.61, Chi-square value 1.83, degrees of freedom (df) 3) (Figure 2 ).